Folders of instructions and scripts that the assistant loads when a task matches, which is a quieter idea than it sounds: it turns a prompt you retype into a file you version.
Capabilities you can install
Skill packages and the protocols behind them, ranked by how much of a real workflow they replace rather than how clever the demo is.
The standard that made tool integrations portable: one server, and any assistant that speaks the protocol can use it. The reason to care is that it stops every integration being written three times.
The consumer version of the same idea: a configured assistant you can share with a link. Easiest thing on this list to build and the easiest to outgrow.
Vercel AI SDK
VercelThe library most JavaScript projects reach for when adding a model call, mostly because streaming, tool calls and provider swapping are handled before you write any of it.
LangChain
LangChainThe largest ecosystem and the largest surface area. It will have an integration for whatever you need; deciding how much of it to adopt is the actual work.
LlamaIndex
LlamaIndexNarrower than LangChain and sharper for it: retrieval over your own documents is the whole product, and the parsing and chunking are where the quality comes from.
Composio
ComposioPre-built authenticated connectors for the services agents usually need, which removes the least interesting week of any agent project.
CrewAI
CrewAIFrames a task as a team of roles with a manager, which maps well onto how people already describe their work and badly onto anything where the roles are not really separable.
DSPy
StanfordReplaces prompt writing with optimisation over examples, which is either the right answer or an over-engineering depending on whether you have examples. Worth reading the idea even if you never adopt it.
Pydantic AI
PydanticTyped outputs as the organising idea, so a malformed answer fails at the boundary instead of three functions later. The choice for people who already live in type checkers.
smolagents
Hugging FaceAgents that act by writing code rather than by calling a tool schema, which is fewer moving parts and a much bigger security surface. Small enough to read in an afternoon.
Semantic Kernel
MicrosoftThe one to look at inside a .NET or Azure shop, because the integration with the rest of that stack is the point rather than the abstractions.
AutoGen
MicrosoftThe research lineage of multi-agent conversation, with the most published work behind it and the most academic feel in its API.
Haystack
deepsetA pipeline framework that predates the current wave, and the maturity shows in the evaluation tooling rather than in the model integrations.
Letta
LettaBuilt around persistent memory as the primary thing rather than as a bolt-on, which is the right starting point if your agent needs to remember last week.
Mem0
Mem0A memory layer you add to an existing application rather than a framework you build on. The honest framing of what it saves is the plumbing, not the thinking.
Relevance AI
Relevance AIA no-code way to assemble an agent team, aimed at operations rather than engineering. The limit is the same as any visual builder, and it arrives later than you expect.
Toolhouse
ToolhouseA hosted toolbox that an agent can call, so the tools are somebody else’s uptime problem. Worth the trade when the tools are peripheral and not when they are the product.
The MCP server ecosystem
CommunityThe collection of published servers, from filesystem and git access to databases and issue trackers. Quality varies enormously, and the ones that wrap a database deserve a long look before you install them.
OpenAI Agents SDK
OpenAISmall, opinionated and built around handoffs between agents. It is a thin layer rather than a platform, which is a compliment and also the reason some teams outgrow it.
Sources and method
The ranking is ours. Anything on this page that can be checked is checked against a named source, and the date we last opened that source is printed with it. If a figure and our verdict disagree, trust the figure and follow the link.
A model is listed only once its provider publishes pricing and documents an API. Every figure carries a source and the date we checked it; the ranking is ours.